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Our World in Data
Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems
https://ourworldindata.org/
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Our World in Data
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Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems
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  1. Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems
  1. Our latest work
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  4. All our articles on global problems and global changes
  1. Trusted in research and media
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  3. From $1.90 to $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty Line
  4. How many people die from the flu?
  5. Introducing our updated work on Poverty: a new design for our content
  6. We just published our new data explorer on Poverty
  7. Which countries have put a price on carbon?
  8. Living Planet Index: what does an average decline of 69% really mean?
  9. Sustainable Development Goals Tracker
  10. Teaching Hub
  11. Demographic Change
  12. Health
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  1. Population change
  2. Life and death
  3. Distribution of the World Population
  4. Health risks
  5. Infectious diseases
  6. Health institutions and interventions
  7. Nutrition
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  17. Economic Inequality
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  1. World Population Growth
  2. Future Population Growth
  3. Age Structure
  4. Gender Ratio
  5. Life Expectancy
  6. Child and Infant Mortality
  7. Fertility Rate
  8. Urbanization
  9. Monkeypox
  10. Lead Pollution
  11. Life Expectancy
  12. Child and Infant Mortality
  13. Maternal Mortality
  14. Causes of death
  15. Burden of disease
  16. Cancer
  17. Mental Health
  18. Suicide
  19. Air Pollution
  20. Outdoor Air Pollution
  21. Indoor Air Pollution
  22. Obesity
  23. Smoking
  24. Alcohol Consumption
  25. Drug Use
  26. Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and illicit drugs
  27. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)
  28. HIV / AIDS
  29. Malaria
  30. Eradication of Diseases
  31. Diarrheal diseases
  32. Smallpox
  33. Polio
  34. Pneumonia
  35. Tetanus
  36. Financing Healthcare
  37. Vaccination
  38. Farm Size
  39. Hunger and Undernourishment
  40. Famines
  41. Food Supply
  42. Human Height
  43. Micronutrient Deficiency
  44. Diet Compositions
  45. Food Prices
  46. Obesity
  47. Alcohol Consumption
  48. Agricultural Production
  49. Environmental Impacts of Food Production
  50. Crop Yields
  51. Meat and Dairy Production
  52. Employment in Agriculture
  53. Land Use
  54. Fertilizers
  55. Pesticides
  56. Lead Pollution
  57. Biodiversity
  58. Transport
  59. Nuclear Energy
  60. Climate Change
  61. Access to Energy
  62. Energy
  63. Renewable Energy
  64. Fossil Fuels
  65. Plastic Pollution
  66. Oil Spills
  67. CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  68. Air Pollution
  69. Outdoor Air Pollution
  70. Indoor Air Pollution
  71. Ozone Layer
  72. Clean Water and Sanitation
  73. Clean Water
  74. Sanitation
  75. Water Use and Stress
  76. Environmental Impacts of Food Production
  77. Forests and Deforestation
  78. Land Use
  79. Natural Disasters
  80. Space Exploration and Satellites
  81. Transport
  82. Technological Change
  83. Technology Adoption
  84. Poverty
  85. Government Spending
  86. Taxation
  87. Military Spending
  88. Financing Healthcare
  89. Financing Education
  90. Economic Growth
  91. Income Inequality
  92. Economic inequality by gender
  93. Global Economic Inequality
  94. Child Labor
  95. Working Hours
  96. Women’s employment
  97. Corruption
  98. Time Use
  99. Marriages and Divorces
  100. Loneliness and Social Connections
  101. Happiness and Life Satisfaction
  102. Human Development Index (HDI)
  103. Child Labor
  104. Working Hours
  105. Urbanization
  106. Tourism
  107. Optimism and Pessimism
  108. Trust
  109. Clean Water and Sanitation
  110. Access to Energy
  111. Clean Water
  112. Homelessness
  113. Indoor Air Pollution
  114. Light at Night
  115. Sanitation
  116. Democracy
  117. Violence against children and children’s rights
  118. Economic inequality by gender
  119. Corruption
  120. Human Rights
  121. Biological and Chemical Weapons
  122. War and Peace
  123. Military Spending
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  127. Violence against children and children’s rights
  128. Homicides
  129. Global Education
  130. Literacy
  131. Quality of Education
  132. Pre-Primary Education
  133. Primary and Secondary Education
  134. Tertiary Education
  135. Financing Education
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  1. Our World in Data
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  10. From $1.90 to $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty LineThe World Bank has updated the methods it uses to measure incomes and poverty around the world. What does this mean for our understanding of global poverty?By Joe Hasell — October 26, 2022
  11. How many people die from the flu?The risk of death from influenza has declined over time, but globally, hundreds of thousands of people still die from the disease each year.By Saloni Dattani and Fiona Spooner — October 20, 2022
  12. Introducing our updated work on Poverty: a new design for our contentWe’ve just published a major redesign of our topic pages. Explore this redesign with our new work on poverty.By Joe Hasell and Matthew Conlen — October 18, 2022
  13. We just published our new data explorer on PovertyExplore data on poverty across the world, and how this is changing over time.By Joe Hasell and Pablo Arriagada — October 18, 2022
  14. Which countries have put a price on carbon?Putting a price on carbon helps us account for the real costs of fossil fuels in the market. Which countries have a carbon tax or trading system?By Hannah Ritchie and Pablo Rosado — October 14, 2022
  15. Living Planet Index: what does an average decline of 69% really mean?The Living Planet Index is the biodiversity metric that always claims the headlines. It’s often misinterpreted. How should we understand it?By Hannah Ritchie — October 13, 2022
  16. See all posts
  17. privacy policy
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  19. Teaching HubSlides, research, and visualizations for teaching and learning about global development
  20. The world population increased from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion today. Growth slowed from 2.2% per year 50 years ago to 1.0% per year today. When and why did the world population grow? And how does rapid population growth come to an end?World Population Growth
  21. The UN projects that the global population will be 10.9 billion by 2100. The population growth rate is then expected to be close to zero. What can we expect for the future? What determines how large or small the world population will be?Future Population Growth
  22. The global median age increased from 22 years in 1970 to 31 years. 25% of the world are younger than 14 years. 9% are older than 65. What is the age profile of populations around the world? How did it change and what will the age structure of populations look like in the future?Age Structure
  23. In some countries gender discrimination leads to skewed sex ratios at birth. How does the number of men and women differ between countries? And why?Gender Ratio
  24. The global average life expectancy is 73 years. The global inequality is large. When and why did the average age at which people die increase and how can we make further progress against early death?Life Expectancy
  25. 5.2 million children younger than five die every year. The global child mortality rate is 3.8%. Why are children dying and what can be done to prevent it?Child and Infant Mortality
  26. The global average fertility rate is 2.4 children per woman. In the last 50 years this rate has halved. How does the number of children vary across the world and over time? What is driving the rapid global change?Fertility Rate
  27. 56% of the world population live in urban areas. In 1960 it was 34%. The world population is moving to cities. Why is urbanization happening and what are the consequences?Urbanization
  28. Explore the latest data on the Monkeypox outbreak.Monkeypox
  29. Around one-in-three children globally suffer from lead poisoning. Lead pollution is a widespread problem that receives little attention. What is the scale of the problem and how can we tackle it?Lead Pollution
  30. The global average life expectancy is 73 years. The global inequality is large. When and why did the average age at which people die increase and how can we make further progress against early death?Life Expectancy
  31. 5.2 million children younger than five die every year. The global child mortality rate is 3.8%. Why are children dying and what can be done to prevent it?Child and Infant Mortality
  32. 295,000 women die from pregnancy-related causes every year. What could be more tragic than a mother losing her life in the moment that she is giving birth to her newborn? Why are mothers dying and what can be done to prevent these deaths?Maternal Mortality
  33. 57 million people die every year. What do they die from? How did the causes of death change over time?Causes of death
  34. The global burden of disease is large. Per year 2.5 billion healthy life years are lost due to diseases, accidents, and premature deaths How is the burden of disease distributed and how did it change over time?Burden of disease
  35. 10.1 million people die from cancer every year. 51% are younger than 70 years old. Cancers are one of the leading causes of death globally. Are we making progress against cancer?Cancer
  36. An estimated 970 million people have a mental health disorder. We provide a global overview of the prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.Mental Health
  37. 760,000 die from suicide per year. 59% are younger than 50 years old. Every suicide is a tragedy. But they can be prevented.Suicide
  38. 6.7 million people die prematurely from air pollution each year. Our overview on both indoor and outdoor air pollution.Air Pollution
  39. 4.5 million people die prematurely from outdoor air pollution every year. 44% are younger than 70 years old. Outdoor air pollution is one of the world’s largest health and environmental problems.Outdoor Air Pollution
  40. 2.3 million people die prematurely from indoor air pollution every year. 58% are younger than 70 years old. Indoor air pollution – caused by the burning of firewood, crop waste, and dung for cooking and heating – is a major health risk of the world’s poorest.Indoor Air Pollution
  41. 13% of adults are obese, globally. Obesity is responsible for 5 million premature deaths every year. When did obesity increase? How do rates vary across the world? What is the health impact?Obesity
  42. 7.7 million people die prematurely from smoking every year. 46% are younger than 70 years old. Tobacco smoking is one of the world’s largest health problems today.Smoking
  43. 2.4 million people die prematurely from alcohol consumption every year. 71% are younger than 70 years old. Who consumes the most alcohol? How has consumption changed over time? And what are the health impacts?Alcohol Consumption
  44. 11.8 million people die prematurely from drug use every year. This includes tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use. Drug use – which includes smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use is one of the world’s largest health problems today. Drug Use
  45. 620,000 people die prematurely from illicit drug use every year. 45% are younger than 50 years old. How common is the use and addiction to opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis? What is the impact?Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and illicit drugs
  46. COVID-19 developed into a global pandemic. Country-by-country data and research on the pandemic. Updated daily.Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)
  47. 860,000 people die from HIV/AIDS each year. 77% are younger than 50 years old. A global epidemic and the leading cause of death in some countries.HIV / AIDS
  48. 630,000 people die from malaria every year. 55% are children younger than 5 years old. The deadly disease transmitted by mosquitoes is one of the leading causes of death in children. How did we eliminate the disease in some world regions and how can we continue progress against malaria?Malaria
  49. Humanity has already eradicated one severe disease. Which ones could we eradicate in our lifetimes and how?Eradication of Diseases
  50. 1.5 million people die from diarrheal diseases every year. One-third are children under five years old. Diarrheal diseases are one of the leading cause of child deaths while they are largely preventable. How can we continue to make progress against these diseases?Diarrheal diseases
  51. In the past smallpox killed millions every year. Humanity eradicated this infectious disease globally. How was this possible?Smallpox
  52. One generation ago polio paralyzed hundreds of thousands of children every year. Now the world can possibly eradicate it: polio remains endemic in only 2 countries.Polio
  53. 2.5 million people die from pneumonia every year. One-fourth are children younger than five years old. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children younger than 5 years.Pneumonia
  54. 35,000 people die from Tetanus every year. Half are children under the age of five. Tetanus is a bacterial infection that leads to painful muscle contractions and possibly death.Tetanus
  55. Healthcare funding is essential for good health. Healthcare is key to make progress against poor health. How is it financed?Financing Healthcare
  56. 14% of children in the world do not receive basic vaccines. Vaccines are key in making progress against infectious diseases and save millions of lives every year.Vaccination
  57. Most of the world's farmers are smallholders, with less than two hectares of land How does farm size vary across the world? How much of farmland is held by smallholders?Farm Size
  58. 9% of the world population – 660 million people – are undernourished. 22% of children younger than five are ‘stunted’. What are the consequences of undernourishment and how can we make progress against hunger and undernourishment?Hunger and Undernourishment
  59. Around 130 million people died in famines during the last 150 years. This estimate is based on our historical reconstructions. In many parts of the world famines have been common in the past. What causes famines? How can famines be averted?Famines
  60. 2,861 kcal per day is the global average food supply per person. There are large inequalities in food supply across countries. How had the availability of food changed over time? How does food supply vary across the world today?Food Supply
  61. The average young adult is about 5% taller today than 100 years ago. Human height gives us an indicator of changes in health and nutrition in the past. The average height of a population can inform us about the nutrition and living conditions of populations in the past for which we have little other data.Human Height
  62. An estimated 2 billion people are deficient in essential micronutrients. Food is not only a source of energy and protein, but also micronutrients – vitamins and minerals – which are essential to good health. Who is most affected by the ‘hidden hunger’ of micronutrient deficiency?Micronutrient Deficiency
  63. A diverse diet is essential for good nutrition. There are large inequalities in dietary diversity between countries. What do people across the world eat?Diet Compositions
  64. Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. Food prices are important for both consumers and farmers. Food needs to be affordable for people, and at the same it is a key source of income for one-quarter of the world’s labor force.Food Prices
  65. 13% of adults are obese, globally. Obesity is responsible for 5 million premature deaths every year. When did obesity increase? How do rates vary across the world? What is the health impact?Obesity
  66. 2.4 million people die prematurely from alcohol consumption every year. 71% are younger than 70 years old. Who consumes the most alcohol? How has consumption changed over time? And what are the health impacts?Alcohol Consumption
  67. The world produces more than enough food for everyone. But it's unequally distributed across the world. How much food do countries produce across the world?Agricultural Production
  68. 26% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from food production. 50% of the world's habitable land is used for agriculture. What are the environmental impacts of food production? How do we reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment?Environmental Impacts of Food Production
  69. Global average cereal yield is 4 tonnes per hectare. But in many regions yields are much lower. Increasing the production of crops per area of land is of key importance for food security, living standards, and decreasing humanity’s impact on the environment.Crop Yields
  70. 72 billion animals are slaughtered every year for meat production. Meat is an important source of nutrition for people around the world. How quickly is demand growing? And what are the implications for animal welfare and the earth’s environment?Meat and Dairy Production
  71. 27% of the world’s labor force is employed in agriculture. Once the majority of human labor was dedicated to food production. When and how did this change? What is the global distribution of agricultural labor today?Employment in Agriculture
  72. 50% of the world’s habitable land is used for agriculture How is humanity using the Earth’s land? And how can we decrease our land use so that more land is left for wildlife?Land Use
  73. The world produces more than 200 million tonnes of fertilizer each year. Fertilizers supply plants with nutrients that are essential for growth. How important are fertilizers? How does their use vary across the world?Fertilizers
  74. Pesticides are often used to protect crop yields. There are large differences in its use across the world. Pesticides are used to protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. Where are they used? What is their impact?Pesticides
  75. Around one-in-three children globally suffer from lead poisoning. Lead pollution is a widespread problem that receives little attention. What is the scale of the problem and how can we tackle it?Lead Pollution
  76. Global trends in biodiversity are mixed, but overall it's in steep decline Explore the diversity of wildlife across the planet. What are species threatened with? What can we do to prevent biodiversity loss?Biodiversity
  77. Transport is an important measure of technological progress Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.Transport
  78. Nuclear is a safe and low-carbon source of energy. Explore global data on nuclear energy production, and the safety of nuclear technologies.Nuclear Energy
  79. Average global temperature has increased by 1.2°C since pre-industrial times How are increasing greenhouse gas emissions affecting the climate? What are the implications for sea level rise; sea ice area; and other impacts?Climate Change
  80. 10% of the world do not have access to electricity. 40% do not have access to clean fuels for cooking. Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels are vital for a good standard of living and good health.Access to Energy
  81. Global energy production has grown 2.5-fold in the past 50 years. What energy sources does the world rely on? What is this energy used for? And how does it change over time?Energy
  82. 10% of global primary energy production comes from modern renewable sources. Solar, wind, hydropower, and other renewable energy sources currently account for a small share of global energy. But they’re growing quickly and can play a key role in tackling climate change.Renewable Energy
  83. 84% of global primary energy comes from fossil fuels. Deaths per TWh range from 2.8 for gas to 24.6 for coal. Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.Fossil Fuels
  84. It is estimated that 8 million tonnes enter the world’s oceans each year. The use of plastics has many benefits – it is affordable, versatile, resistant, and can help reduce other forms of waste – especially food waste. However, when poorly managed it can pollute the environment and our oceans. Where does the plastic in our oceans come from and what can we do to reduce plastic pollution?Plastic Pollution
  85. Oil spills can have a large negative impact on the environment. How often do oil spills happen? How did it change over time?Oil Spills
  86. 35 billion tonnes of CO₂ are emitted every year. Who is emitting greenhouse gases? Which countries and which sectors? And what needs to happen to reduce emissions?CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  87. 6.7 million people die prematurely from air pollution each year. Our overview on both indoor and outdoor air pollution.Air Pollution
  88. 4.5 million people die prematurely from outdoor air pollution every year. 44% are younger than 70 years old. Outdoor air pollution is one of the world’s largest health and environmental problems.Outdoor Air Pollution
  89. 2.3 million people die prematurely from indoor air pollution every year. 58% are younger than 70 years old. Indoor air pollution – caused by the burning of firewood, crop waste, and dung for cooking and heating – is a major health risk of the world’s poorest.Indoor Air Pollution
  90. Emissions of ozone-depleting gases have fallen by 98%. But it will take decades for the ozone layer to recover. The emission of ozone-depleting gases are threatening the earth’s ozone layer. Global collaboration and regulation aims to reduce the emissions. Are these efforts successful?Ozone Layer
  91. One-quarter of the world do not have access to safe drinking water Explore global access to clean water and sanitation.Clean Water and Sanitation
  92. 2.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. That's 26% of the world population. Clean and safe water is essential for good health. How did access change over time? Where do people lack access?Clean Water
  93. 3.7 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation. That's 46% of the world population. Access to safe sanitation is essential for reducing deaths from infectious disease, preventing malnutrition and providing dignity. What is the global situation today and how can we make progress?Sanitation
  94. Globally we use 70% of freshwater withdrawals for agriculture; 19% in industry; and 11% in households. Freshwater resources across the world are the focus of this entry. How much water do we use? How did it change over time?Water Use and Stress
  95. 26% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from food production. 50% of the world's habitable land is used for agriculture. What are the environmental impacts of food production? How do we reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment?Environmental Impacts of Food Production
  96. 31% of the world’s land area is covered by forest. How are forests distributed across the world? How much do we lose to deforestation every year?Forests and Deforestation
  97. 50% of the world’s habitable land is used for agriculture How is humanity using the Earth’s land? And how can we decrease our land use so that more land is left for wildlife?Land Use
  98. Over the last decade the annual number of deaths due to natural disasters was 45,000 globally. Where and from which disasters do people die? What can we do to prevent deaths from natural disasters?Natural Disasters
  99. Explore data and developments in space travel and satellite technologies.Space Exploration and Satellites
  100. Transport is an important measure of technological progress Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.Transport
  101. Technological progress has been key a key driver of improved living standards. Technology is a key driver of change that matters for all the big problems that we consider in this publication.Technological Change
  102. Technology adoption has been a key driver of improved living conditions. Technology has been a leading driver of global change – disrupting the way we work, travel, and live. How quickly have different technologies been adopted across the world? Explore global and country-level data and research on technology adoption.Technology Adoption
  103. Poverty
  104. Government spending has increased significantly, but with large differences across the world. What do governments spend their financial resources on?Government Spending
  105. Tax revenues account for more than 80% of total government revenue in about half of the countries in the world. And for more than 50% in almost every country. Taxes are the most important source of government revenue. Who is paying how much and how do tax systems differ?Taxation
  106. Annual military spending amounts to 2.2% of global GDP. How much do different countries spend on their military? How did it change over time?Military Spending
  107. Healthcare funding is essential for good health. Healthcare is key to make progress against poor health. How is it financed?Financing Healthcare
  108. Funding for education is growing across the world, but large gaps still exist. How is education financed? How much do we spend on it? What are the returns?Financing Education
  109. The world has become much more prosperous, but in some countries incomes remain very low. All of today’s rich countries were poor in the past – how do poor countries become rich?Economic Growth
  110. Many countries have high levels of income inequality. How are incomes distributed and how and why did the distribution change over time?Income Inequality
  111. In most countries the gender pay gap has reduced, but inequalities are still large and common. What is determining the inequality in incomes, jobs, and wealth between men and women?Economic inequality by gender
  112. Global inequality has fallen but living conditions are still vastly unequal across the world. Living conditions around the world are vastly unequal and economic differences are a major reason for this. How is this distribution changing?Global Economic Inequality
  113. An estimated 17% of children globally work. Why and where do children work? How did child labor change over time?Child Labor
  114. Many people have to work long hours with for very low incomes. How much time do people across the world spend working? How have working hours changed over time, and what do these changes matter for people’s lives? Explore data and research on working hours.Working Hours
  115. Women’s labor force participation is 47% globally with large differences between countries. What is determining whether women participate in the labor market? How is it changing?Women’s employment
  116. Corruption is a common problem in many countries and sectors. How common is corruption? What impact does it have? And what can be done to reduce it?Corruption
  117. Time is the ultimate limited resource How do people across the world spend their time? How do daily activities differ across countries, and how do these differences matter for people’s lives? Explore data and research on time use.Time Use
  118. The institution of marriage is changing quickly How is the institution of marriage changing? What percentage of marriages end in divorce? Explore global data on marriages and divorces.Marriages and Divorces
  119. Loneliness is common across the world. Family and friends are important for our well-being. In this article we explore data on loneliness and social connections, and review available evidence on the link between social connections and well-being.Loneliness and Social Connections
  120. Life satisfaction and happiness vary widely both within and among countries. Self-reported life satisfaction differs widely between people and between countries. What explains these differences?Happiness and Life Satisfaction
  121. Health, education and living standards have increased in recent decades, but more progress is needed. The HDI is a measure of human development that captures health, education, and income. How does the index vary around the world, and how did it change over time?Human Development Index (HDI)
  122. An estimated 17% of children globally work. Why and where do children work? How did child labor change over time?Child Labor
  123. Many people have to work long hours with for very low incomes. How much time do people across the world spend working? How have working hours changed over time, and what do these changes matter for people’s lives? Explore data and research on working hours.Working Hours
  124. 56% of the world population live in urban areas. In 1960 it was 34%. The world population is moving to cities. Why is urbanization happening and what are the consequences?Urbanization
  125. Tourism is an important source of income and employment for many countries. How many travel for tourism? Where do they go? Tourism
  126. Misconceptions about past development means many are pessimistic about future progress. What is people’s outlook on the future – personally and for the world as a whole?Optimism and Pessimism
  127. Trust levels can vary a lot between countries and groups of society. Trust is essential for community, wellbeing, and effective cooperation. How does trust vary between different societies and locations and what matters for levels of trust?Trust
  128. One-quarter of the world do not have access to safe drinking water Explore global access to clean water and sanitation.Clean Water and Sanitation
  129. 10% of the world do not have access to electricity. 40% do not have access to clean fuels for cooking. Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels are vital for a good standard of living and good health.Access to Energy
  130. 2.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. That's 26% of the world population. Clean and safe water is essential for good health. How did access change over time? Where do people lack access?Clean Water
  131. Homelessness is a problem in countries around the world. How many are homeless? How did homelessness change over time?Homelessness
  132. 2.3 million people die prematurely from indoor air pollution every year. 58% are younger than 70 years old. Indoor air pollution – caused by the burning of firewood, crop waste, and dung for cooking and heating – is a major health risk of the world’s poorest.Indoor Air Pollution
  133. Many do not have light at night Light at night was once expensive everywhere. In some places people are still lacking light at night, while in other places light became extremely cheap.Light at Night
  134. 3.7 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation. That's 46% of the world population. Access to safe sanitation is essential for reducing deaths from infectious disease, preventing malnutrition and providing dignity. What is the global situation today and how can we make progress?Sanitation
  135. 71% of the world population do not live in democratic countries. How democratic is the world? Why do countries become democratic? What is the impact of democratisation on people’s lives?Democracy
  136. Violence against children in various forms has fallen, but still occurs today. How common is physical and emotional violence against children? How did it change over time?Violence against children and children’s rights
  137. In most countries the gender pay gap has reduced, but inequalities are still large and common. What is determining the inequality in incomes, jobs, and wealth between men and women?Economic inequality by gender
  138. Corruption is a common problem in many countries and sectors. How common is corruption? What impact does it have? And what can be done to reduce it?Corruption
  139. Human Rights violations are still common in many countries. From freedom of the press to racism, this entry presents an overview of quantitative measures of human rights.Human Rights
  140. Fewer countries use, possess, and pursue biological and chemical weapons. Explore data on biological and chemical weapons.Biological and Chemical Weapons
  141. Over the last decade the annual number of battle-related deaths was 55,000 globally. Humans are capable of atrocious cruelty – the history of war makes this all too clear. How many died in war? And what are the prospects for making the world more peaceful?War and Peace
  142. Annual military spending amounts to 2.2% of global GDP. How much do different countries spend on their military? How did it change over time?Military Spending
  143. Over the last decade the annual number of deaths due to terrorism was 22,000 globally. The attacks of terrorists receive a lot of attention from the media and often dominate the public discourse. How many people die from these attacks and how did it change over time?Terrorism
  144. The world’s nuclear powers have more than 9,000 nuclear warheads. The world’s nuclear powers possess around 9,500 nuclear warheads in total. These weapons have the capacity to kill hundreds of millions of people directly, and billions due to subsequent effects on agriculture.Nuclear Weapons
  145. Peacekeeping operations are used in conflict prevention, but are not always successful. Peacekeeping aims to help countries transition from conflict towards peace. How have peacekeeping operations and forces changed over time? See global data on peacekeeping activities. Peacekeeping
  146. Violence against children in various forms has fallen, but still occurs today. How common is physical and emotional violence against children? How did it change over time?Violence against children and children’s rights
  147. Globally around 415,000 people die from homicide each year. Where are people dying from homicides? How did the homicide rate change over time?Homicides
  148. Global education has improved over recent decades, but much more progress is possible. The overview of our research on global education.Global Education
  149. 14% of the world population are illiterate. Being able to read and write opens up the world of education and knowledge. When and why did more people become literate? How can progress continue?Literacy
  150. Schools often do not live up to their promise: in many schools children learn very little. How do learning outcomes differ between countries? How has the quality of education changed over time?Quality of Education
  151. Many children have very few opportunities in learning before primary education. Access to education early in life can improve outcomes for the rest of life. How does pre-primary education differ between countries and how did it change over time?Pre-Primary Education
  152. 58 million children of primary school age are not in school. 202 million children of secondary school age are not in school. How does access to school differ around the world? How does it between boys and girls? And how did it change over time?Primary and Secondary Education
  153. Globally 36% of those within 5 years of secondary education are enrolled in tertiary education. When did access to universities and tertiary education increase? How does it differ between countries?Tertiary Education
  154. Funding for education is growing across the world, but large gaps still exist. How is education financed? How much do we spend on it? What are the returns?Financing Education
  155. Many teachers across the world do not receive sufficient training. A global overview of teaching professionals. How many teachers are there? At what level do they teach? What are their qualifications?Teachers and Professors
  156. Book publication has been a key driver of knowledge-sharing and education. Books have been at the center of science and the arts for centuries. Their history and relevance is the focus of this entry.Books
  157. 50% of the world population are not online. For many, the internet is now essential for work, finding information, and connecting with others. How did half the world get online in just one generation? And what are the challenges ahead?Internet
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